Biochemistry Principles

I. Introduction to Biochemistry A. Definition and scope of biochemistry B. Importance of biochemistry in biological systems

II. Biomolecules A. Carbohydrates 1. Structure and function 2. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides 3. Glycosidic linkages B. Lipids 1. Structure and function 2. Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids 3. Saturated and unsaturated fats C. Proteins 1. Structure and function 2. Amino acids and peptide bonds 3. Protein folding and denaturation D. Nucleic acids 1. Structure and function 2. DNA and RNA 3. Nucleotide structure and base pairing

III. Enzymes A. Definition and properties B. Enzyme kinetics 1. Michaelis-Menten equation 2. Enzyme-substrate complex formation 3. Factors affecting enzyme activity C. Regulation of enzyme activity 1. Allosteric regulation 2. Covalent modification 3. Feedback inhibition

IV. Metabolism A. Overview of metabolic pathways B. Glycolysis 1. Steps and regulation 2. ATP production and fate of pyruvate C. Citric acid cycle 1. Steps and regulation 2. ATP production and carbon dioxide release D. Oxidative phosphorylation 1. Electron transport chain 2. ATP synthesis E. Metabolism of lipids and proteins 1. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids 2. Protein catabolism and amino acid metabolism

V. Biochemical Techniques A. Spectroscopy 1. UV-visible spectroscopy 2. Infrared spectroscopy B. Chromatography 1. Thin layer chromatography 2. High-performance liquid chromatography C. Electrophoresis 1. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis 2. SDS-PAGE D. Mass spectrometry 1. Ionization techniques 2. Mass analyzers

VI. Biochemical Applications A. Medical biochemistry 1. Clinical diagnostics 2. Drug discovery and development B. Agricultural biochemistry 1. Crop improvement 2. Pest control C. Industrial biochemistry 1. Bioremediation 2. Biofuels production

VII. Ethical Considerations in Biochemistry A. Genetic engineering and biotechnology B. Use of animals in research C. Human experimentation

Note: This is a general outline for a biochemistry course. The specific content and depth of each topic may vary depending on the institution and level of the course.