內(nèi)容簡介
本教材是在推進“新醫(yī)科”建設(shè)背景下編寫的、能夠體現(xiàn)全新理念的醫(yī)學(xué)英語教材。本教材充分體現(xiàn)英語教學(xué)的育人功能，融入醫(yī)學(xué)人文、價值倫理、中國立場等內(nèi)容；課文題材覆蓋基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)、臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、中醫(yī)藥、醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)、公共衛(wèi)生等領(lǐng)域，包括健康醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的核心范疇、前沿技術(shù)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、歷史文化、健康治理等內(nèi)容；體裁包括說明文、議論文、記敘文、應(yīng)用文以及人物訪談等；練習(xí)注重思辨和創(chuàng)新能力培養(yǎng)，要求學(xué)生對健康醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的實際問題進行創(chuàng)新性解決，從而實現(xiàn)英語語言能力和醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生專業(yè)視野的雙向拓展，提升他們在健康醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域進行國際交流的能力。
教材特色
題材廣泛，體裁多樣
本教材體現(xiàn)“大健康”理念。題材包含基礎(chǔ)醫(yī)學(xué)、臨床醫(yī)學(xué)、中醫(yī)藥、醫(yī)學(xué)技術(shù)、公共衛(wèi)生等，涉及健康醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的核心范疇、前沿技術(shù)、行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、歷史文化、健康治理等內(nèi)容；體裁多樣，說明文、議論文、記敘文、應(yīng)用文及人物訪談等均有呈現(xiàn)。
目標(biāo)導(dǎo)向，帶動思維
每章節(jié)第一部分概述學(xué)習(xí)背景，設(shè)置學(xué)習(xí)目標(biāo)，導(dǎo)向清晰、層層遞進，有助于學(xué)生把注意力集中到與目標(biāo)有關(guān)的問題上，啟發(fā)、引導(dǎo)學(xué)生的學(xué)習(xí)動機、興趣與意向。
13 Diagnosis, the determination of the nature of adisease, is based on many factors, including the signs, symptoms, and, often,laboratory results. Laboratory tests include such familiar procedures asurinalysis, blood chemistry, electrocardiography, and radiography. New diagnostic-imagingtechniques such as computerizedtomography (CT scan), radiology, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine provide avisualization never before possible. Diagnostic procedures used in determiningvarious diseases are discussed for each system. A physician also derivesinformation for making a diagnosis from a physical examination, frominterviewing the patient or a family member, and from a medical history of thepatient and family. The physician, having made a diagnosis, may state thepossible prognosis of thedisease, or the predicted course, and outcome of the disease.
診斷，即確定疾病的性質(zhì)，基于諸多因素，如體征、癥狀、常常還有實驗室檢查結(jié)果。實驗室化驗包括一些我們熟悉的程序，比如，尿檢，血檢，心電描記術(shù)和放射照相術(shù)。像計算機化斷層顯像（CT掃描），放射照相術(shù)，超聲波和核醫(yī)學(xué)這些全新的診斷成像技術(shù)具有造影功能，這在以前是無法實現(xiàn)的。用于確診各種疾病的診斷程序在每個系統(tǒng)中都有涉及。醫(yī)生也可以從體檢、與病人及其家屬交談、病人及其家族的病史中獲得信息，以便對疾病進行診斷。已經(jīng)做出診斷的醫(yī)生要說明疾病可能的預(yù)后，或預(yù)期的病程，和疾病的后果。
14 The treatment considered most effective isprescribed and may include medication, surgery, radiation therapy, or possiblypsychological counseling. A patient may be advised to change habits oflife-style such as overeating, smoking, alcohol abuse, or to avoid a stressfulsituation if possible.
診斷，即確定疾病的性質(zhì)，基于諸多因素，如體征、癥狀、常常還有實驗室檢查結(jié)果。實驗室化驗包括一些我們熟悉的程序，比如，尿檢，血檢，心電描記術(shù)和放射照相術(shù)。像計算機化斷層顯像（CT掃描），放射照相術(shù)，超聲波和核醫(yī)學(xué)這些全新的診斷成像技術(shù)具有造影功能，這在以前是無法實現(xiàn)的。用于確診各種疾病的診斷程序在每個系統(tǒng)中都有涉及。醫(yī)生也可以從體檢、與病人及其家屬交談、病人及其家族的病史中獲得信息，以便對疾病進行診斷。已經(jīng)做出診斷的醫(yī)生要說明疾病可能的預(yù)后，或預(yù)期的病程，和疾病的后果。
15 The course of adisease varies; it may have a sudden onset and short term, in which case it isan acute disease. A disease may begin insidiously and be long-lived,or chronic. The term chronic is derived from theGreek word chronos fortime. Diseases that will end in death are called terminal. The signs and symptoms of a chronic disease attimes subside, during a period known as remission.They may recur in all their severity in a period of exacerbation. Certain diseases, leukemia and ulcerative colitis,for example, are characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation. Arelapse at times occurs when a disease returns weeks or months after itsapparent cessation.
疾病的過程各異。它可能發(fā)病急，病程短，這種情況屬于急性病；也可能不知不覺地發(fā)生，持續(xù)時間長，或是慢性的。“chronic”這個術(shù)語源于表示時間的希臘詞“chronos”。可致死的疾病叫做晚期疾病。慢性病的體征和癥狀在緩和期有時會減輕，在惡化期可能會再次出現(xiàn)，十分嚴(yán)重。某些疾病如白血病和潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎的一個重要特點就是具有癥狀緩和期和惡化期。有時，一種疾病在明顯終止后幾周或幾個月會復(fù)發(fā)。
16 Complications frequently occur, meaning that a disease develops ina patient already suffering from another disease. Patients confined to bed witha serious fracture frequently develop pneumonia as a complication of the inactivity.Infection of the testes may be acomplication of mumps, particularly after puberty. Anemia generally accompaniesleukemia, cancer, and chronic kidney disease. Bacterial infection frequentlyfollows certain predisposing factors such as kidney stones, heart defects, andan enlarged prostate gland.
并發(fā)癥也常常出現(xiàn)，即患者得某種病后，還會并發(fā)另一種病。嚴(yán)重骨折，并臥床不起的患者由于無法活動，往往會并發(fā)肺炎。腮腺炎可能會并發(fā)睪丸感染，尤其是在青春期后。一般情況下，白血病、癌癥和慢性腎病都伴有貧血。某些諸如腎結(jié)石、心臟缺陷和前列腺肥大等發(fā)病誘因常伴有細菌感染。
17 Theaftermath of a particular disease iscalled the sequela, a sequel. The permanent damage to the heart afterrheumatic fever is an example of a sequela, as is the paralysis of polio. The sterility resulting from severeinflammation of the fallopian tubesis also a sequela.
疾病的后果叫做后遺癥，一種遺患。風(fēng)濕熱之后心臟遭受的永久損傷是一種后遺癥，正如癱瘓也是小兒麻痹癥的后遺癥一樣。由輸卵管嚴(yán)重炎癥引起的不孕不育癥也是一種后遺癥。
18 Diseases can be classified in many ways. Forinstance, they can be considered according to the general mechanisms of diseaseand in the physiologic systems in which they are a factor. General healthproblems include allergies, malnutrition, obesity, and alcoholism.
疾病有多種分類方法。比如，可根據(jù)疾病的一般機制分類，也可將之放在生理系統(tǒng)中考慮，因為疾病是其中的一個因素。一般的疾病包括：過敏、營養(yǎng)不良、肥胖癥和酒精中毒。
19 An understanding of disease, its cause, theway it affects the body, effective treatments, and its possible prognosisshould enable the health professional to alleviatesuffering, anxiety, and fear in those who are ill.
了解疾病及其原因、疾病對身體發(fā)生何種影響、有效的疾病治療方案以及疾病的預(yù)后有助于醫(yī)務(wù)人員減輕患者的痛苦、焦慮和恐懼感。
20 The body attempts to maintain homeostasis inthe midst of ever-changing conditions. It senses a deficiency in the working ofan organ and tries to compensate for it. The response to a significant disturbancein the body’s homeostasis can resemble the sign of disease.
機體試圖在不斷變化的情況下維持內(nèi)環(huán)境的穩(wěn)定。當(dāng)它感覺到某個器官在工作過程中存在缺陷，便會盡力去補償。當(dāng)機體的內(nèi)環(huán)境穩(wěn)態(tài)出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重紊亂時，發(fā)生的反應(yīng)與疾病的體征相似。
21 Disease is an unhealthy state of a body part,a system, or the body as a whole. It may result from a structural anomaly, afunctional condition, or trauma. Many factors can cause disease: infectiousagents, heredity, environmental conditions, malnutrition, and stress. The causeof a disease is sometimes unknown. Etiology is the cause of a disease.Pathology is the branch of medicine that studies the etiology, characteristics,and effects of disease, in other words, its pathogenesis.
疾病是某個身體部位、某個系統(tǒng)或整個身體的不健康狀態(tài)，它可能由結(jié)構(gòu)性異常、功能性病變或外傷引起。致病的因素有很多：傳染性病原體、遺傳、環(huán)境、營養(yǎng)不良和應(yīng)激。有時，病因不詳。病原學(xué)研究的是疾病的原因，而病理學(xué)則是研究疾病的病原學(xué)、特點和影響，即發(fā)病機制的一門醫(yī)學(xué)分支。
22 Disease manifests itself by signs andsymptoms, objective and subjective indications of its presence. In somediseases a certain combination of signs and symptoms occur as in Down’ssyndrome.
疾病體現(xiàn)在體征和癥狀，即疾病存在的主、客觀指征上。和唐氏綜合征一樣，在某些疾病中，多種體征和癥狀可同時出現(xiàn)。
23 Diagnoses of disease are based on manyfactors, signs and symptoms, laboratory tests, physical examination, andpatient and family histories. The most suitable treatment is then prescribed.The disease may be acute or chronic; signs of a chronic disease frequentlysubside or exacerbate. Understanding the various aspects of disease enables thehealth professional to serve those who are ill in a comprehensive manner.
疾病的診斷基于多種因素：體征和癥狀、實驗室化驗、體檢，和病人及其家族的病史。接著，開處方確定最合適的治療方案。疾病具有急性和慢性之分，慢性病的體征常常會消退或惡化。了解疾病的各個方面能幫助醫(yī)務(wù)人員全面地為病人服務(wù)。
