2.在一些表示“建議、勸說(shuō)、命令”的名詞后面的表語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示,should可省略。如:
(1)從屬連詞that.如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
解釋?zhuān)?/div>
1.主語(yǔ)從句能用it作形式上的主語(yǔ)。常以it作形式主語(yǔ)的句型有:
A.It+be+形容詞(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that從句。如:
It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫無(wú)疑問(wèn)她考試成績(jī)會(huì)很好。
It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
B.It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that從句。如:
It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遺憾我們不能去。
It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.我們沒(méi)贏這場(chǎng)比賽真意外。
C.It+be+過(guò)去分詞(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that從句。如:
It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.據(jù)說(shuō)格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。
It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
據(jù)報(bào)道中國(guó)又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。
D.It+seem,happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語(yǔ)+that從句。如:
It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不來(lái)參加晚會(huì)。
It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。
E.It+doesn’t matter(makes no difference,etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語(yǔ)從句。如:
It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.她是否來(lái)這無(wú)關(guān)緊要。
It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我們?cè)谀睦镩_(kāi)會(huì)毫無(wú)區(qū)別。
F.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在疑問(wèn)句中時(shí),要以it作形式主語(yǔ),而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如:
Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎?
Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來(lái)很要緊嗎?
G.當(dāng)主語(yǔ)從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí),要以it作形式主語(yǔ),而把主語(yǔ)從句后置。如:
How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪!
2.注意連接代詞whoever,whatever,whichever等引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句的含義。
Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who)來(lái)的人將受到歡迎。
Whatever he did was right.(whatever=the thing that)他所做的事情是正確的。
Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.(whichever=anyone of you who)你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來(lái)將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)
3)賓語(yǔ)從句
1.定義:用作賓語(yǔ)的從句叫賓語(yǔ)從句。
2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡(jiǎn)單句。
3.引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類(lèi):
(1)從屬連詞that.如:
He told us that he felt ill.他對(duì)我們說(shuō)他感到不舒服。
I know he has returned.我知道他已經(jīng)回來(lái)了。
注: that在引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。
1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句,that賓語(yǔ)從句放在and的后面時(shí),that不能省略。)
大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句作介詞賓語(yǔ)時(shí),that不能省略。)
對(duì)他我一無(wú)所知,只知道他是南方人。
3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位于句首時(shí),that不可省略。)
我簡(jiǎn)直不相信他曾說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話。
4.We decided,in view of his special circumstances,that we would admit him for a probationary period.(主句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語(yǔ),that不可省略。)
鑒于他的特殊情況,我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
(2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:
I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。
(3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
連接副詞 where,when,how,why.
如:
Who or what he was,Martin never learned.
他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。
I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫(xiě)信說(shuō)什么事。
I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來(lái)。
You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。
(1)介詞賓語(yǔ)從句
賓語(yǔ)從句也可用作介詞的賓語(yǔ)。如:
He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
他對(duì)那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。
I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說(shuō)什么。
Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如:
I don’t care (for)who marries him.我不管誰(shuí)跟他結(jié)婚。
Be careful (as to)how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。
解釋?zhuān)?/div>
1.如果賓語(yǔ)從句后還有賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),則用it作形式賓語(yǔ),而將賓語(yǔ)從句后置。如:
We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒(méi)來(lái)是奇怪的。
He has made it clear that he will not give in.
他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
2.作介詞的賓語(yǔ):連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語(yǔ),只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介詞的賓語(yǔ)從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo),則需用it先行一步,作形式賓語(yǔ)。如:
He is a good student except that he is careless.
他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
介詞賓語(yǔ)不可以用which來(lái)引導(dǎo),而要用what來(lái)引導(dǎo)。如:
Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?
3.某些形容詞或過(guò)去分詞后常接賓語(yǔ)從句,這類(lèi)形容詞或過(guò)去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。如:
I am not sure what I ought to do.
我不能確定我該做什么。
I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
恐怕你沒(méi)領(lǐng)會(huì)我說(shuō)的意思。
I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
我好奇怪,我以前沒(méi)看到過(guò)。
Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
媽媽為她的女兒通過(guò)了考試而感到高興。
4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句
if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,if一般不與or not連用。如:
I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。
用if引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句如果會(huì)引起歧義,應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:
Please let me know if you want to go.
Please let me know whether you want to go.
if從句可理解為賓語(yǔ)從句,意為“請(qǐng)告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語(yǔ)從句意為“如果你想去的話,請(qǐng)告訴我一聲”。
5.賓語(yǔ)從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句,有時(shí)謂語(yǔ)盡管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健H纾?/div>
I don’t think you are right.我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?
6.賓語(yǔ)從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律:
(1)當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
(2)當(dāng)主句是一般過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句只能使用過(guò)去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如:
The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
老師說(shuō)地球繞著太陽(yáng)運(yùn)行。
4)同位語(yǔ)從句
1.定義:用作同位語(yǔ)的從句叫做同位語(yǔ)從句。
2.用法:同位語(yǔ)從句的先行詞多為fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如:
They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
對(duì)你生病這件事,他們都很焦慮。
Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
你在哪兒聽(tīng)說(shuō)我不能來(lái)?
Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
德國(guó)已對(duì)俄國(guó)宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來(lái)了。
注:同位語(yǔ)從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如:
I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否來(lái)。
連接代詞who,which,what和連接副詞where,when,why,how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語(yǔ)從句。
The question who should do the work requires consideration.
誰(shuí)該干這項(xiàng)工作,這個(gè)問(wèn)題需要考慮。
We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
到哪兒去度暑假,這個(gè)問(wèn)題我們還沒(méi)有決定。
It is a question how he did it.
那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問(wèn)題。
解釋?zhuān)?/div>
1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句與定語(yǔ)從句之區(qū)別
that引導(dǎo)的同位語(yǔ)從句
that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句
句法功能上
that只起連接從句的作用,無(wú)意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。
that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用,還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可省略。
意義上
從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。
從句起限定作用,是定語(yǔ)
如:The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.(同位語(yǔ)從句,that不可省。)
李先生將是我們的新英語(yǔ)老師這個(gè)消息是真的。
The news (that)he told me yesterday is true.(定語(yǔ)從句,that在從句中作told的賓語(yǔ),可省。)
他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語(yǔ)從句中,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用虛擬語(yǔ)氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如:
This is our only request that this (should)be settled as soon as possible.
這就是我們唯一的請(qǐng)求:盡快解決這個(gè)問(wèn)題。
(6)不定式的構(gòu)成
1.不定式的構(gòu)成
不定式是由不定式符號(hào)to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。
不定式一般有時(shí)式和語(yǔ)態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例):
主動(dòng)式 to do
被動(dòng)式 to be done
完成式to have done /to have been done
進(jìn)行式 to be doing
完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
1)不定式的一般式
不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如:
They invited us to go there this summer.他們邀請(qǐng)我們今年夏天去那兒。
He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一邊讓我通過(guò)。
2)不定式的完成式
不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可作主語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)等。如:
She seemed to have heard about this matter.她似乎已聽(tīng)說(shuō)過(guò)這件事。
I meant to have told you about it,but I happened to have an important thing to do.
我本來(lái)想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
3)不定式的進(jìn)行式
不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語(yǔ)以外的所有成分。如:
It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.你真好,這些天一直幫我們。
He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽(tīng)老師講課。
4)不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語(yǔ)所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如:
They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.據(jù)說(shuō)他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
We are happy to have been helping each other these days.我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
5)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如:
Try not to be late again next time.盡量下次不要再遲到。
He wished us never to meet her again.他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見(jiàn)到她。
6)疑問(wèn)詞+動(dòng)詞不定式:
不定式和疑問(wèn)詞whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用,通常跟在tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain,advise,teach,discuss,find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語(yǔ),有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)等。如:
On hearing the news,he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
聽(tīng)到這個(gè)消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。
When to hold the meeting has not decided.什么時(shí)候開(kāi)會(huì)還沒(méi)有決定。
介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問(wèn)詞+不定式短語(yǔ)作賓語(yǔ)。如:
Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)的建議。
I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道該怎么做
定語(yǔ)從句是高中英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的重要語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一,也是歷年高考的熱點(diǎn)。它的難度主要是通過(guò)改變句子的正常語(yǔ)序或借助于其它語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目來(lái)體現(xiàn)的,為了提高同學(xué)們的應(yīng)變能力, 現(xiàn)對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的一些常見(jiàn)考點(diǎn)歸納和總結(jié)如下:一、疑問(wèn)句中考查定語(yǔ)從句
1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week?
A. where B. the one C. on which D. /
【解析】答案是D.
命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問(wèn)句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),最好的辦法是先把疑問(wèn)句還原成陳述句,然后判斷誰(shuí)是先行詞,再看關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑詈蟠_定正確答案。
二、倒裝句中考查定語(yǔ)從句
2. We came to a place, ________ stood a big tower.
A. which B. that C. / D. where
【解析】正確答案是D.為了保持句子平衡,句子用了倒裝語(yǔ)序。倒裝的使用使定語(yǔ)從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊,因此對(duì)于使用倒裝語(yǔ)序的定語(yǔ)從句,應(yīng)先把倒裝語(yǔ)序還原成正常語(yǔ)序,這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。
三、 拆分詞組和固定搭配
3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
A. of which B. where C. to do D. that
4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?
A. which B. on which C. when D. where
【解析】正確答案分別是D和A.一些詞組和搭配被拆開(kāi)后,句子的含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開(kāi)的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類(lèi)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組:make use of, play a part (in)。
四、添加插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)
5. The scientist has made another discovery, _______ I believe is of great importance.
A. that B. / C. which D. why
【解析】應(yīng)選擇C.這類(lèi)句子主要利用插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ)的添加來(lái)增加試題的難度。常見(jiàn)的插入語(yǔ)有:I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做這類(lèi)題目時(shí),最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語(yǔ)或狀語(yǔ),這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞
6. Is this the man ________ you want to have ________
the radio for me?
A. who;repaired B. that;repaired
C. whom;repairing D. that;repair
【解析】D項(xiàng)正確。非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是英語(yǔ)中難度較大的語(yǔ)法項(xiàng)目之一,因而在定語(yǔ)從句中加入非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目。對(duì)付這類(lèi)題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。如:我們可以把幾個(gè)句子中的定語(yǔ)從句進(jìn)行還原,還原后的句子應(yīng)是:
You want to have the man repair the radio for me.