高中英語——從句(定從、名從、狀從)教學(xué)視頻

  • 名稱:高中英語——從句(定從、名
  • 分類:高考專題  
  • 觀看人數(shù):加載中
  • 時(shí)間:2013/8/7 21:05:19
 1)表語從句
 
  1.定義:用作表語的從句叫做表語從句。
 
  2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句
 
  3.引導(dǎo)表語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞的種類:
 
  (1)從屬連詞that.如:
 
  The trouble is that I have lost his address.麻煩是我把他的地址丟了。
 
  (2)從屬連詞whether,as,as if.如:
 
  He looked just as he had looked ten years before.他看起來還與十年前一樣。
 
  The question is whether they will be able to help us.問題是他們是否能幫我們。
 
  注:從屬連詞if一般不用來引導(dǎo)表語從句,但as if卻可引導(dǎo)表語從句,如:
 
  All this was over twenty years ago,but it’s as if it was only yesterday.
 
  這都是20多年前的事了,但宛如昨天一樣。
 
  能跟表語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞一般為系動(dòng)詞be,seem,look等。如:
 
  It looked as if it was going to rain.看起來天要下雨了。
 
  (3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
 
  連接副詞 where,when,how,why.
 
  如:The problem is who we can get to replace her.問題是我們能找到誰去替換她呢。
 
  The question is how he did it.問題是他是如何做此事的。
 
  That was what she did this morning on reaching the attic.那就是她今晨上了閣樓干的。
 
  解釋:
 
  1.連詞because可引導(dǎo)表語從句。如:
 
  I think it is because you are doing too much.我想這是因?yàn)槟阕龅锰唷?/div>
 
  2.在一些表示“建議、勸說、命令”的名詞后面的表語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣。should+動(dòng)詞原形表示,should可省略。如:
 
  My suggestion is that we (should)start early tomorrow.我的建議是我們明天一早就出發(fā)。
 
  2)主語從句
 
  1.定義:用作主語的從句叫做主語從句。
 
  2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句
 
  3.引導(dǎo)主語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:
 
  (1)從屬連詞that.如:That they were in truth sisters was clear from the facial resemblance between them.
 
  很明顯,她們確是親姐妹,她們的臉型很相似。
 
  (2)從屬連詞whether.如:
 
  Whether he’ll come here isn’t clear.他是否會(huì)來這里還不清楚。
 
  (3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
 
  連接副詞 where,when,how,why.如:
 
  What she did is not yet known.她干了什么尚不清楚。
 
  How this happened is not clear to anyone.這事怎樣發(fā)生的,誰也不清楚。
 
  Whoever comes is welcome.不論誰來都?xì)g迎。
 
  Wherever you are is my home —— my only home.你所在的任何地方就是我的家——我唯一的家。
 
  解釋:
 
  1.主語從句能用it作形式上的主語。常以it作形式主語的句型有:
 
  A.It+be+形容詞(obvious,true,natural,surprising,good,wonderful,funny,possible,likely,certain,probable,etc.)+that從句。如:
 
  It is certain that she will do well in her exam.毫無疑問她考試成績會(huì)很好。
 
  It is probable that he told her everything.很可能他把一切都告訴她了。
 
  B.It+be+名詞詞組(no wonder,an honor,a good thing,a pity,no surprise,etc.)+that從句。如:
 
  It’s a pity that we can’t go.很遺憾我們不能去。
 
  It’s no surprise that our team should have won the game.我們沒贏這場比賽真意外。
 
  C.It+be+過去分詞(said,reported,thought,expected,decided,announced,arranged,etc.)+that從句。如:
 
  It is said that Mr.Green has arrived in Beijing.據(jù)說格林先生已經(jīng)到了北京。
 
  It is reported that China has sent another man-made earth satellite into orbit.
 
  據(jù)報(bào)道中國又成功地發(fā)射了一顆人造地球衛(wèi)星。
 
  D.It+seem,happen等不及物動(dòng)詞及短語+that從句。如:
 
  It seems that Alice is not coming to the party at all.Alice似乎不來參加晚會(huì)。
 
  It happened that I was out that day.碰巧我那天外出了。
 
  E.It+doesn’t matter(makes no difference,etc.)+連接代詞或連接副詞引起的主語從句。如:
 
  It doesn’t matter whether she will come or not.她是否來這無關(guān)緊要。
 
  It makes no difference where we shall have the meeting.我們在哪里開會(huì)毫無區(qū)別。
 
  F.當(dāng)that引導(dǎo)的主語從句出現(xiàn)在疑問句中時(shí),要以it作形式主語,而把主語從句后置。如:
 
  Is it true that the scientist will give us a lecture next week? 下周那位科學(xué)家將給我們作報(bào)告是真的嗎?
 
  Does it matter much that they will not come tomorrow? 他們明天不來很要緊嗎?
 
  G.當(dāng)主語從句出現(xiàn)在感嘆句中時(shí),要以it作形式主語,而把主語從句后置。如:
 
  How strange it is that the children are so quiet! 孩子們這么安靜真奇怪!
 
  2.注意連接代詞whoever,whatever,whichever等引導(dǎo)主語從句的含義。
 
  Whoever comes will be welcome.(whoever=the person who)來的人將受到歡迎。
 
  Whatever he did was right.(whatever=the thing that)他所做的事情是正確的。
 
  Whichever of you comes in will receive a prize.(whichever=anyone of you who)你們當(dāng)中不論哪個(gè)進(jìn)來將會(huì)得到獎(jiǎng)
 
  3)賓語從句
 
  1.定義:用作賓語的從句叫賓語從句。
 
  2.構(gòu)成:關(guān)聯(lián)詞+簡單句。
 
  3.引導(dǎo)賓語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞有三類:
 
  (1)從屬連詞that.如:
 
  He told us that he felt ill.他對我們說他感到不舒服。
 
  I know he has returned.我知道他已經(jīng)回來了。
 
  注: that在引導(dǎo)賓語從句時(shí)也并不是任何情況下都可以省略。在以下情況下,that不能省略。
 
  1.Everybody could see what happened and that Tom was frightened.(and連接兩個(gè)賓語從句,that賓語從句放在and的后面時(shí),that不能省略。)
 
  大家都會(huì)看出所發(fā)生的事情并知道Tom非常害怕。
 
  2.I know nothing about him except that he is from the south.(that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句作介詞賓語時(shí),that不能省略。)
 
  對他我一無所知,只知道他是南方人。
 
  3.That he ever said such a thing I simply don’t believe.(that從句位于句首時(shí),that不可省略。)
 
  我簡直不相信他曾說過這樣的話。
 
  4.We decided,in view of his special circumstances,that we would admit him for a probationary period.(主句謂語動(dòng)詞與that從句之間有插入語,that不可省略。)
 
  鑒于他的特殊情況,我們決定應(yīng)允他一段試用期。
 
  (2)從屬連詞if/whether.如:
 
  I doubt whether he will succeed.我懷疑他是否會(huì)成功。
 
  I don’t know if you can help me.我不知道你能否幫助我。
 
  (3)連接代詞who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever
 
  連接副詞 where,when,how,why.
 
  如:
 
  Who or what he was,Martin never learned.
 
  他是什么人?他是干什么的?馬丁根本不知道。
 
  I wonder what he’s writing to me about.我不知道他要給我寫信說什么事。
 
  I’ll tell you why I asked you to come.我會(huì)告訴你我為什么要你來。
 
  You may do what you will.你可做任何你想做的事。
 
  (1)介詞賓語從句
 
  賓語從句也可用作介詞的賓語。如:
 
  He was deeply displeased by what had occurred that day.
 
  他對那天發(fā)生的事感到很不快。
 
  I walked over to where she sat.我走向她坐的地方。
 
  I am curious as to what he will say.我很想知道他要說什么。
 
  Your success will largely depend upon what you do and how you do it.
 
  你是否成功將主要取決于你做什么和怎樣做。
 
  有時(shí)介詞可以省略。如:
 
  I don’t care (for)who marries him.我不管誰跟他結(jié)婚。
 
  Be careful (as to)how you do that.你要注意做這件事的方式。
 
  解釋:
 
  1.如果賓語從句后還有賓語補(bǔ)足語,則用it作形式賓語,而將賓語從句后置。如:
 
  We thought it strange that Xiao Wang did not come yesterday.
 
  我們認(rèn)為小王昨天沒來是奇怪的。
 
  He has made it clear that he will not give in.
 
  他已表明他不會(huì)屈服。
 
  2.作介詞的賓語:連詞that引導(dǎo)的名詞性從句很少作介詞的賓語,只用在except,but,in后。其他一些介詞的賓語從句如果由連詞that引導(dǎo),則需用it先行一步,作形式賓語。如:
 
  He is a good student except that he is careless.
 
  他是一個(gè)好學(xué)生,只是有點(diǎn)粗心。
 
  You may rely on it that I shall help you.你可以指望我會(huì)幫助你的。
 
  介詞賓語不可以用which來引導(dǎo),而要用what來引導(dǎo)。如:
 
  Are you sorry for what you’ve done?
 
  你為你所做的一切感到內(nèi)疚嗎?
 
  3.某些形容詞或過去分詞后常接賓語從句,這類形容詞或過去分詞有sure,glad,certain,pleased,happy,afraid,surprised,satisfied等,連詞that可省略。如:
 
  I am not sure what I ought to do.
 
  我不能確定我該做什么。
 
  I’m afraid you don’t understand what I said.
 
  恐怕你沒領(lǐng)會(huì)我說的意思。
 
  I’m surprised that I didn’t see all that before.
 
  我好奇怪,我以前沒看到過。
 
  Mother was very pleased her daughter had passed the exams.
 
  媽媽為她的女兒通過了考試而感到高興。
 
  4.連詞whether (…or not)或if引導(dǎo)的賓語從句
 
  if和whether引導(dǎo)的賓語從句可以互換使用,但whether常和or not連用,if一般不與or not連用。如:
 
  I wonder whether it is true or not.我不知它是真是假。
 
  用if引導(dǎo)賓語從句如果會(huì)引起歧義,應(yīng)避免使用if而用wheter.試比較:
 
  Please let me know if you want to go.
 
  Please let me know whether you want to go.
 
  if從句可理解為賓語從句,意為“請告訴我你是否想去”;此句又可理解為條件狀語從句意為“如果你想去的話,請告訴我一聲”。
 
  5.賓語從句的否定轉(zhuǎn)移。在think,believe,suppose,expect等動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句,有時(shí)謂語盡管是否定意思,卻不用否定形式,而將think等動(dòng)詞變?yōu)榉穸ㄐ问健H纾?/div>
 
  I don’t think you are right.我認(rèn)為你錯(cuò)了。
 
  I don’t believe they have finished their work yet.我相信他們還未完成他們的工作。
 
  I don’t suppose he cares,does he? 我想他不在意,是嗎?
 
  6.賓語從句的時(shí)態(tài)變化規(guī)律:
 
  (1)當(dāng)主句是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句可根據(jù)需要用任何時(shí)態(tài)。
 
  (2)當(dāng)主句是一般過去時(shí)態(tài)時(shí),從句只能使用過去范圍內(nèi)的任何時(shí)態(tài)。但客觀真理除外。如:
 
  The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
 
  老師說地球繞著太陽運(yùn)行。
 
  4)同位語從句
 
  1.定義:用作同位語的從句叫做同位語從句。
 
  2.用法:同位語從句的先行詞多為fact,news,idea,thought,question,reply,report,remark等,關(guān)聯(lián)詞多用從屬連詞that.如:
 
  They were all very much worried over the fact that you were sick.
 
  對你生病這件事,他們都很焦慮。
 
  Where did you get the idea that I could not come?
 
  你在哪兒聽說我不能來?
 
  Early in the day came the news that Germany had declared war on Russia.
 
  德國已對俄國宣戰(zhàn)的消息一大早就傳來了。
 
  注:同位語從句偶爾由從屬連詞whether引導(dǎo)。如:
 
  I have no idea whether he’ll come or not.我不知道他是否來。
 
  連接代詞who,which,what和連接副詞where,when,why,how亦可引導(dǎo)同位語從句。
 
  The question who should do the work requires consideration.
 
  誰該干這項(xiàng)工作,這個(gè)問題需要考慮。
 
  We haven’t yet settled the question where we are going to spend our summer vacation.
 
  到哪兒去度暑假,這個(gè)問題我們還沒有決定。
 
  It is a question how he did it.
 
  那是一個(gè)他如何做了此事的問題。
 
  解釋:
 
  1.that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句與定語從句之區(qū)別
 
  that引導(dǎo)的同位語從句
 
  that引導(dǎo)的定語從句
 
  句法功能上
 
  that只起連接從句的作用,無意義。在從句中不充當(dāng)句子成分。不可省。
 
  that替代先行詞在從句中不僅起連接作用,還充當(dāng)一個(gè)句子成分。如在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語時(shí)可省略。
 
  意義上
 
  從句是被修飾名詞的內(nèi)容。
 
  從句起限定作用,是定語
 
  如:The news that Mr.Li will be our new English teacher is true.(同位語從句,that不可省。)
 
  李先生將是我們的新英語老師這個(gè)消息是真的。
 
  The news (that)he told me yesterday is true.(定語從句,that在從句中作told的賓語,可省。)
 
  他昨天告訴我的消息是真的。
 
  2.一些表示“建議、命令、要求”的名詞后所跟的同位語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞用虛擬語氣should+動(dòng)詞原形表示。should可省。如:
 
  This is our only request that this (should)be settled as soon as possible.
 
  這就是我們唯一的請求:盡快解決這個(gè)問題。
 
  (6)不定式的構(gòu)成
 
  1.不定式的構(gòu)成
 
  不定式是由不定式符號to+動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成,在某些情況下to也可省略。
 
  不定式一般有時(shí)式和語態(tài)的變化,通常有下表中的幾種形式(以do為例):
 
  主動(dòng)式 to do
 
  被動(dòng)式 to be done
 
  完成式to have done /to have been done
 
  進(jìn)行式 to be doing
 
  完成進(jìn)行式 to have been doing
 
  1)不定式的一般式
 
  不定式的一般式所表示的動(dòng)作通常與主要謂語的動(dòng)作同時(shí)或幾乎同時(shí)發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生。如:
 
  They invited us to go there this summer.他們邀請我們今年夏天去那兒。
 
  He stood aside for me to pass.他站到一邊讓我通過。
 
  2)不定式的完成式
 
  不定式的完成式所表示的動(dòng)作在謂語所表示的動(dòng)作之后發(fā)生,它在句中可作表語、狀語、賓語,有時(shí)也可作主語、定語等。如:
 
  She seemed to have heard about this matter.她似乎已聽說過這件事。
 
  I meant to have told you about it,but I happened to have an important thing to do.
 
  我本來想告訴你這件事的,但我碰巧有一件重要的事要做。
 
  3)不定式的進(jìn)行式
 
  不定式的進(jìn)行式表示正在進(jìn)行的與謂語動(dòng)詞同時(shí)發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。它在句中可以用作除謂語以外的所有成分。如:
 
  It’s nice of you to be helping us these days.你真好,這些天一直幫我們。
 
  He pretended to be listening to the teacher carefully.他假裝在認(rèn)真地聽老師講課。
 
  4)不定式的完成進(jìn)行式
 
  如果不定式表示的動(dòng)作是謂語所表示時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就需要用完成進(jìn)行式。如:
 
  They are said to have been working in Tibet for 20 years.據(jù)說他們已經(jīng)在西藏工作20年了。
 
  We are happy to have been helping each other these days.我們很高興這些天能互相幫助。
 
  5)動(dòng)詞不定式的否定形式是由not或never加不定式構(gòu)成。如:
 
  Try not to be late again next time.盡量下次不要再遲到。
 
  He wished us never to meet her again.他希望我們永遠(yuǎn)不要再見到她。
 
  6)疑問詞+動(dòng)詞不定式:
 
  不定式和疑問詞whether,what,which,whom,where,when,how,why等連用可以在句中起名詞的作用,通常跟在tell,know,show,decide,learn,wonder,explain,advise,teach,discuss,find out等動(dòng)詞后面作賓語,有時(shí)也可以充當(dāng)主語、表語等。如:
 
  On hearing the news,he didn’t know whether to laugh or to cry.
 
  聽到這個(gè)消息,他不知道該哭還是該笑。
 
  When to hold the meeting has not decided.什么時(shí)候開會(huì)還沒有決定。
 
  介詞后一般不直接接不定式,但可以接疑問詞+不定式短語作賓語。如:
 
  Mary gave some advice on how to learn English.瑪麗提了一些如何學(xué)習(xí)英語的建議。
 
  I have no idea of how to do it.我不知道該怎么做

  定語從句是高中英語學(xué)習(xí)的重要語法項(xiàng)目之一,也是歷年高考的熱點(diǎn)。它的難度主要是通過改變句子的正常語序或借助于其它語法項(xiàng)目來體現(xiàn)的,為了提高同學(xué)們的應(yīng)變能力, 現(xiàn)對定語從句的一些常見考點(diǎn)歸納和總結(jié)如下:一、疑問句中考查定語從句
1. Is this the farm ________ you visited last week?
A. where   B. the one   C. on which   D. /
【解析】答案是D.
命題人經(jīng)常利用疑問句的特殊結(jié)構(gòu)來干擾學(xué)生的正確選擇。遇到這類定語從句時(shí),最好的辦法是先把疑問句還原成陳述句,然后判斷誰是先行詞,再看關(guān)系詞在定語從句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞郑詈蟠_定正確答案。
二、倒裝句中考查定語從句
2. We came to a place, ________ stood a big tower.
A. which   B. that   C. /   D. where
【解析】正確答案是D.為了保持句子平衡,句子用了倒裝語序。倒裝的使用使定語從句的結(jié)構(gòu)變得較為特殊,因此對于使用倒裝語序的定語從句,應(yīng)先把倒裝語序還原成正常語序,這樣句子結(jié)構(gòu)就比較清晰了。
三、 拆分詞組和固定搭配
3. The second is connected with the use ________ the body makes of food.
A. of which   B. where   C. to do   D. that
4. Why can’t you realize the part ________ they have played in our life?
A. which   B. on which   C. when   D. where
【解析】正確答案分別是D和A.一些詞組和搭配被拆開后,句子的含義就變得難以理解。首先把拆開的詞組復(fù)原是理解此類定語從句的關(guān)鍵。上述句子中包含以下詞組:make use of, play a part (in)。
四、添加插入語或狀語
5. The scientist has made another discovery, _______ I believe is of great importance.
A. that   B. /   C. which   D. why
【解析】應(yīng)選擇C.這類句子主要利用插入語或狀語的添加來增加試題的難度。常見的插入語有:I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my opinion, to tell you the truth等。做這類題目時(shí),最佳的辦法是先刪去插入語或狀語,這樣句子的主干部分就一目了然了。
五、插入非謂語動(dòng)詞
6. Is this the man ________ you want to have ________
the radio for me?
A. who;repaired    B. that;repaired
C. whom;repairing  D. that;repair
【解析】D項(xiàng)正確。非謂語動(dòng)詞是英語中難度較大的語法項(xiàng)目之一,因而在定語從句中加入非謂語動(dòng)詞就成了學(xué)生最易失分的題目。對付這類題目最有效的辦法就是將句子還原。如:我們可以把幾個(gè)句子中的定語從句進(jìn)行還原,還原后的句子應(yīng)是:
You want to have the man repair the radio for me.

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